First, the well-established traditional systems of conservation and sustainable use, and second, the critical ecological and social role that forests played.
What were the objectives of the British colonial Forest Policy in India?
The first Forest Policy adopted by British Colonial Government in 1894 aimed at a custodial and timber-oriented management. The post-independence Forest Policy of 1952 recommended that 33% of the area of the country be brought under forest cover.
What was the impact of British colonial forest laws in India?
Through the Indian Forest Act, the British colonial government decided to ban shifting cultivation, which was practiced by villagers. This resulted in forcible displacement of many communities from their homes in forests. Villagers used to practice shifting cultivation.
How did the British colonial policy lead to the deforestation?
For a huge increase in population, the food demand increased and the cultivation area was extended by clearing forests. The British government started cultivating commercial crops for which they had to clear a huge forest area. These were the two main reasons for deforestation in the British period.
What was the purpose of the colonial forest?
Thirdly, the colonials and later the national government wanted the forest areas to be a source of revenue. For example, teak was extensively exploited by the British colonial government for ship construction, sal and pine in India for railway sleepers and so on.
What are the objectives of forest policy?
The principal aim of National Forest Policy, 1988 is to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium which are vital for sustenance of all life forms, human, animal and plant. The derivation of direct economic benefit must be subordinate to this principal aim.
What are the main objectives and important features of Forest Act?
The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was introduced by the Indian Parliament to control deforestation and conserve forests and their resources. The Forest Conservation Act, which is also called the Forest Protection Act, also aims to prevent forest lands from being converted for other purposes.
What was the impact of colonial forest policy on forest?
The colonial and post-colonial forest policies have been severely impacted the free movement of tribals, pastoral nomads and other Forest Dependent Communities in their traditional habitats, especially in the context of the continuation of their cultures, management of livelihoods and protection of natural environments
What was the British forest policy How did it affect the tribals?
Although the laws that were set up was to protect forests, it impacted the tribals in a negative way. They were forced out of their homes by the government as the law made them the owners. These lands were also given to zamindars for cultivation and tribals were forced to work on these lands.
What was the impact of the British control over the forest resources?
In east India the area under forest began to shrink as part of the process of colonialism. The British empowered local zamindars (landowners/landlords) to tax and control indigenous communities during the nineteenth century, and encouraged local communities to clear forest for cultivation.
What are the causes of deforestation in India during colonial period class 9?
The rise of commercial farming and the need for timber were the significant causes of deforestation in India during the colonial period.
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What was the reason to cut the mixed forests by British class 9?
The First World War and Second World War had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned and trees were cut freely to meet British demand for war needs.
Why did the British reserve the forests of India?
The British extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were state property. Some forests were classified as Reserved Forests for they produced timber which the British wanted. In these forests people were not allowed to move freely, practise jhum cultivation, collect fruits, or hunt animals.
When was the Indian Forest Act passed Class 9?
1865
The first Forest Act in India was passed in 1865. It would be successively amended in the coming years. The Indian Forest Act of 1927 would become the most consolidated of all the Forest Acts. The Indian Forest Act, 1927 was largely based on previous Indian Forest Acts implemented under the British.
How were forests used during British rule?
They used the forests for hunting, gathering tubers, fruits, flowers and herbs and for grazing their cattle. In some places, they cut down and burnt the trees and cleared the land to cultivate crops. They cut wood to build their homes and to make implements. They took things for their personal use.
What do you mean by colonial forest law?
This legislation, aimed at giving ownership rights over forestland to traditional forest dwellers. The law concerns the rights of forest dwelling communities to land and other resources, denied to them over decades as a result of the continuance of colonial forest laws in India.
What are the main objectives of the National Forest Policy Class 10?
The main objectives of this policy are:
– Maintenance of environmental stability by preserving and restoring ecological balance. – Protecting the natural heritage. – Checking soil erosion in the catchment areas of the water bodies. – Checking the growth of sand dunes in the desert and coastal areas.
What are the main objectives of forest management class 10?
It follows from the definition that forest management aims to achieve three main functions, namely, (1) Control of composition and structure of growing stock; (2) Harvesting and marketing of forest produce; (3) Administration of forest property and personnel.
What are the main features of the National Forest Policy of India?
Salient Features and Goals:
Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and restoration of ecological balance. Conservation of Natural Heritage (existing). Checking Soil Erosion and Denudation in catchment areas of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
What are the importance of forest 10 points?
Forests provide us with shelter, livelihoods, water, food and fuel security. All these activities directly or indirectly involve forests. Some are easy to figure out – fruits, paper and wood from trees, and so on.
Which of the following were the effects of colonial forestry in India?
houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing – became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried.